Variable speed drive



Aug. 8, 1939 L. E. PERRINE VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE 3- Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed March 11,

3mm (krzef 6 flew/722' g- 3, 1939 1.. E. PERRINE 2,168,744

VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE Filed March 11, 1936 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 7 Q R '8 a Q a Q; g E 33 s I l as I84 [lid 172 I62 I52 I42 14/ 14.0 2 r'/ w Elma/who's Aug. 8, 1939 L. E. PERRINE VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE Filed March 11, 1936 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 I72 h m 17%, I 150 Patented Aug.8,1939 I 2,168,744

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE Lester E. Perrine, Detroit,Mich., assignor to General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Application March 11, 1931;, Serial No. 68,153

16 Claims. (01. 74230.17)

This invention relates to power transmission It is a further object to provide such a trans mechanism and more particularly to power mission utilizing flexible driving belts. transmission mechanism in which the ratio be- It is a still further object to provide control tween the driving and driven members is means for the transmission, all of which tend to changed automatically dependent on the various maintain the belts taut to eliminate breakage conditions. and excessive wear of the belts.

In previous instances it has beenthe practice With the above and other objects in view to have gears of different ratio between a driving which will become evident as the description and a driven shaft with suitable manually operproceeds, my invention resides in the embodi- 11) ated means for engaging or disengaging the ments described in the following specification various gears. I have provided in my copending and claims and illustrated in the accompanying application, Serial No. 746,205, filed September drawings, in which: 29, 1934, an automatic ratio varying transmis- Fig. 1 is a side elevation of a transmission emsion and the present application is drawn along bodying my invention connected to adjacent similar lines and may be considered to be an imdriving apparatus of an automobile, parts being 15 provement over the former. broken away.

The general construction is a plurality of end- Fig. 2 is an end view of the transmission being less belts entrained between pulley sides on two a sectional view taken on line 22 of Fig. 1. parallel shafts, one driving and one driven, the Fig. 3 is a sectional view taken on line 33 effective diameters of the pulleys changing by of Fig. 1. 20 having one movable pulley side. There are on Fig. 4 is an enlarged longitudinal section the two shafts a plurality of control means that through the transmission on line 4-4 of Fig. 2. are automatically operated and all of which have Fig. 5 is a partial horizontal section taken the same tendency, that to force the movable I through the upper or drive shaft.

pulley sides toward the non-movable and thus to Fig. 6 is a partial horizontal section taken 25 increase the pulley diameter. Of course under through the lower or driven shaft. different conditions it is evident that certain of Fig. 7 is a sectional view taken on line of' the controlling or actuating means must domi- Fig. 4. nate over the others since the one set of pulleys Fig. 8 is a sectional view taken on line 8-8 of must contract as the opposite set expands, and Fig. 7. 30 in some instances some of these devices may tend The particular installation shown in Fig. 1 to open pulley sides. illustrates the rearward portion 2 of the crank- There are in the main, five controlling memcase of an internal combustion engine assembly bers in my transmission. On the drive shaft Within which the clutch 4 is located which is there is a spring, a speed governor, and a preconnected to the end of the crankshaft 6. A 36 loaded torque-conscious member for controlling clutch operating arm 8 is pivoted to the portion 2. the ratio change and on the driven shaft there Mounted dire y o the e r of s po t o s e is a spring, heavier than the first mentioned automatically variable transmission, generally spring. and a torque loading device, the latter designated at In, the upper or drive shaft l2 of torque loading mechanism being dominated by which extends into the crankcase and is opera-A0 the former torque loading device under certain tively n t d t th lut h conditions. Through these five control means The housing f the transmission comprises two which are all self-contained in the transmission. end plates l4 nd I6 secured rigidly together in Q ratio is automatically Changed with no spaced relation by two side plates I 8 held thereto slde control factor 'yby bolts 28. The forward end plate is bolted to may s.tated.that thls t form of the rear face of the crankcase by bolts 22 and to my mventlon deslgned to give a who of from the rear face of the rear end plate is secured by 5 to 1.5 which in an automobile would approxibolts 24 a housing 28 for speed change gears. later mate second gear speed to overdrive. This, of to be describedcourse, is intended in no limiting sense as the ratios may easily be changed by selection of In upper P the m and rear end plates are a pair of aligned openings 28 and 30 pulley diameters.

The main object of my invention is therefore Wlthm Whwh are press-fitted h tat o ary to provide a self-contained, automatically variahalves 32 and 34 of a races. the rotating halves ble transmission. 36 and 38 being securedto shaft 12 and ball bear- 5 tings 40 being held in each instance between the two.

Below shaft I2 and parallel therewith is a driven shaft 42 which is supported in the end plates in the same manner as shaft I2, like reference characters being applied to the bearings in the openings 44 and 48. This shaft 42 is threaded at its forward end and carries a nut 48 thereon to secure the ball race 86 to the shaft and the shaft in place. The opposite end of the shaft projects into the housing 26 and hassecured thereon a gear 50. reversing gears 52, 54 and 56 are mounted within the housing, the gear 56 being mounted on the main vehicle drive shaft 58 which extends through the housing to the rear fordrlvlng the vehicle. Between the gears 50 and 581s located a horizontally slidable compound gear 60 having a projecting member 62 thereon which takes the form of a yoke acting in a groove 84, the upper end of which engages a notch 88 in the end of a pivoted shifting lever 68 whereby this gear may be shifted and the gears may be driven in any desired combination.

Adjacent the rear extremity of the shaft I2, as in Figure spaced immediately inside the rear end plate I8 is an integral collar I0, and around this collar I0 there is clamped a two-piece hollow round box I2 end portions of which approach the shaft surface on opposite sides of the collar I0 and within the hollow portion of which there is also maintained a series of ball bearings I4. This member I2 has two diametrically opposite openings I8 therethrough to accommodate a long rod 18, the end portion of which is enlarged to form a head 80 to prevent the rod from sliding entirely through the member I2. The axes of this rod I8 and a similar rod which is spaced on the opposite side of shaft I2 (not shown) is parallel with that of the shaft I2 and the purpose of these two rods is to maintain in axially fixed relation the suitable non-movable divergent or tapering sides 82 of a series of tapered flange pulleys carried by the shaft I2. The opposite or .movable sides of the pulleys 84 also diverge to form between the two sides 82 and 84 a V-shaped trough within which runs a friction energy transmitting belt 86 whose cross section is trapezoidal. The movable pulley sides 84 have therein openings 88 through which the rods I8 project and may slide freely thereon, the rods 18 carrying between adjacent non-movable sides 82, spacing sleeves 90 to keep thenon-movable sides in correct relation and having the opposite end of the rod I8 threaded and carrying a nut 82 on the forward face of the last non-movable pulley side 82, the tightening of which maintains all of the nonmovable sides in assembled relation.

Upon the forward end of the shaft I2, adjacent the front end plate I 4, there is rigidly secured a portion 84 of a torque device by a suitable pin 96 or by a key such as shown unnum bered. Immediately to the rear of this member 94' the shaft carries a circular movable disk 88 as shown in Figure 8 and adjacent that an irregular spacing and supporting member I00, the latter having a central bearing I02. Adjacent the shaft in the member I00 there are a plurality of axially extending carrying rods I04 similar to rod I8 but circumferentially spaced at 90 therefrom, these rods projecting through openings I08 in the non-movable pulley sides but connected to the movable pulley sides to cause axial movement of the latter under certain varying conditions. The rods I04 are in substantially Various speed change and r close contact with the openings in the non-movable pulley sides and extending between adjacent movable pulley sides are sleeves I08 to space said pulley sides correctly, as in the former instance, and the rearward end of the rods I04 is threaded for a supporting nut III! which is adapted, when tightened, to hold all the pulley sides in a substantially rigid assembly.

Between the first and second pulleys, on the shaft'I2, and taken from left to right, there is secured for rotational and axial movement a member II4 through which also project shafts I04. Element II4 has a running fit with respect to shaft I2 so that it may adjust axially for small accommodation movements; however, in practise, it is not necessary that II4 move axially since pivoted Weights I22 on spindles II6 may rock freely in contacting the inner faces of their faces I24; In practise, element II 4 may be actually attached to one of the adjacent flanges 82 or 84 without impairing the operability of the mechanism as a whole. In the drawings, Figures 3 and 4, shafts I04 both pass thru member II4 such that the latter rotates with the movable flanges 84, a small bushing not numbered, fitting over the shaft sleeve I08,

so that Whatever axial movement is required, may be had. Carried by this member H4 in pivotal relation thereto are two oppositely disposed pins IIB which extend out to substantially the same diameter as the pulleys. Slidably carried by the pins II6 are stub shafts II8 which have a diametrical opening therethrough, the outer ends of the stub shafts I I8 being of reduced diameter, as shown in I20, to carry rollers I22 on each end. It will therefore be seen that as the rotary speed of the shaft varies, the stub shafts and rollers will be thrown out by centrifugal force to different diameters, depending upon the speed, and they are adapted to run on tracks or races I24 which are secured to the movable and non-movable sides of adjacent pulleys as best shown in Fig. 4. Surrounding the shaft I2 and bearing against the member II 4 and the movable side of the next to the last pulley, is a hellcal coiled spring I26 which is normally under compression and tends to press the movable side of this pulley toward the non-movable and since all movable sides are connected together it would have the same effect on this group. It should also be'noted that the effect of the governor as the speed increases is also to effect the same result, i. e., of forcing the movable toward the nonmovable to increase the effective diameter since, as the rollers I22 are forced outwardly by centrifugal force, they will bear against the left hand track which is stationary and after the two start to approach each other they will force the movable track I24 on the right hand pulley to be moved toward the right as will be understood from inspection of Figure 4, this rightward force is transmitted thru rods I04 to the other movable pulley flanges 84.

Considering now particularly the-structure of the torque-conscious member at the extreme left or forward portion of the upper shaft I2 in Fig. 4, the member 94 afiixed to shaft I2 has therein a plurality of diametrically spaced cam grooves I2I best shown in Fig. 8. Surrounding the outer'periphery of the member 94 and free to slide thereon is an annular member I28 which has therein a plurality of circular openings I30 extending parallel to the axis of shaft I2 but which do not extend entirely through the member- I28. Within each of these openings. which are spaced in this instance 90 apart throughout the annular member I28, there is supported a short cylindrical member I34, whose outermost face is enlarged to form a stub collar I36 which may bear endwise on the adjacent flange 98 causing spacer I00 and parts connected to rods I04 to move to the right when pressure from the torque of shaft I2 is applied to member I28. Integral with the inner end is a bolt portion I40 which is slidable within an opening MI in the thin portion of the member I28. The end of the bolt portion is threaded to receive a nut I42. A helical spring I 32 surrounds the cylindrical member I34 and bears against the collar portion I36 and against the base of the opening I 30. In this manner, pressure on the face of the cylindrical members will compress the springs I32 and the bolt portion I40 will move through openings I4I to the left. The nuts I42 act as stops and also for any adjustment on the tension of the springs I32 as they are normally preloaded.

There are also a plurality of diametrically opposite hollow cylindrical openings I44 in the member I28 in which are carried ball bearing assemblies I46 which surround one end of a pin I48 which projects thereinto, which pin is slidingly supported on its other extremity in the member I00 rigidly secured to the movable side 84 of the first pulley and to rods I04 as shown in Figure 4. These pins act as guide pins for horizontal movement of the member I 28. The bearings I46 are affixed in member I28 to permit axial motion only of rods I48.

Extending diametrically through the member I28 between openings I are two radial openings I within which are located stub shafts I31 carrying on their inner extremities rollers I39 for engaging the cam member 94. The stub shafts are secured within the openings I35 by pins I43.

It will thus be obvious that under certain torque conditions, later to be described, the cam surfaces I2I will force the rollers to the right, as viewed in Figs. 4 and 8, said rollers through the stub rollers I39, and spindles I31 shafts forcing member I28 and cylindrical members I34 to plate, which action, transmitted through the rod I04, tends to make the movable pulley sides approach the non-movable to give a larger effective pulley diameter.

As shaft I2 and cam sleeve 94 rotate under engine torque; .roller I39 on shaft I31 fixed in member I28 moves axially, transmitting the axial force thru springs I32 resting on seats in spindle I34, tending to cram flanged piece 98 to the right. This action thru spacer I00 is applied to rods I04, causing each of the moving flanges 84 to shift to the right, as in Figure 4.

At the same time, the rotational force applied thru shaft I2, cam I2I of sleeve 94, to of member I28 is delivered from I28 thru pins I 48 to spacer element I 00, driving rods I04 and their aflixed movable flanges 84. The ratio control action is transmitted thru one group, responding to torque, and the actual torque is sustained by the other group.

Upon the second shaft or the driven shaft there are located a plurality of movable and hon-movable pulley sides I50 and I52 respectively. There is mounted on the right hand end of the shaft within the transmission a rotatable circular member I54 which has a plurality of diametrically spaced openings I58 therein through which project a portion of two parallel rods I58 similar surfaces I2I on the the right, the latter acting on the to the rods 18 upon the shaft I2. Theserods also have thereon a-pl-urallty of spacers I60 to correctly space the non-movable sides I52 from each other the whole assembly being secured together to nuts I82 on the opposite ends of the rods. There are also located at "various intervals along the rods I58 a plurality of stabilizing members I 84 which extend between the two rods and around the shaft 42.

Secured to the left hand end of the shaft 42, as viewed in Fig. 4, is a cylindrical cam member I86 which is non-rotatably secured to the shaft in any desired manner such as'pin I68. Slidably and rotatably surrounding the shaft is a substantially U-shaped member I 10 secured to bearing I12, the central portion carrying the bearing I12 attached to bushing I80 adjacent-the shaft and the two extendingarms of which surround the cam member I66,and carry at their extremities two pins I 14 which project radially from the shaft 42 to carry rollers I16 which lie within the cam surfaces I18 of the cam member I68. Comparing the cam surfaces I18 with the previously mentioned cam surfaces I2I, lead on one side,that is effective if the motor is running slower than the wheels or when braking is occurring, but cam I2I has a higher lead on the opposite surface or when the motor is actually driving. This is to provide an engine torque efiect capable of negotiating the shift to overspeed ratio when the engine is developing threequarters to full torque.

Immediately to the rear of the member I10 is the attached bushing I80 which is secured to the movable pulley sides through engagement with one end of a rod I82 which is similar to the rod 404 on shaft I2. This rod extends through the non-movable sides I52 and is connected to the movable pulley sides I 50 in like manner to that before described so that all movable sides will be moved in unison. Concentric with and surrounding the shaft 42, substantially at its center in the transmission is a helical coil spring I 84 which extendsbetween one of the movable and a remote non-movable side, its action being to force the movable toward the non-movable to enlarge the effective diameter of the pulley and since, as before mentioned, all the movable sides are connected in unison, it will have this effect on the whole group, I In Figure 4 spring I84 bears against non-sliding flange I52 of the second pair from the right, and loads against unnumbered bushing collar of movable flange I50 of the second pair from the left, so that the force of the spring is exerted thru rods I82 on all of the flanges I 50 in a leftward direction, tending to squeeze the pulleys rall together, to urge the belts 86 to a higher diameter position, at all times.

It should .be noted that this spring I 84 is substantially larger and heavier than the spring I 28 on'the shaft I2 and therefore, other conditions being equal, would dominate the same. It may also be mentioned that the torque cam I86- I10 will, under heavy load conditions on the driven shaft, dominate the springs I 32 in the torqueconscious device on the drive shaft I2.

Surrounding the member I28 with only a small clearance between the two is a bell-shaped member I88 shown in Figure 8 as mounted for rotation on the shaft I2 and connected to pins I48, the latter projecting thru apertures in member I 28 and having bolts I81 threaded to lock pins I81 to bell I 86 for rotation therewith, the function of the bell being to act as a dashpot when the member I28 is suddenly released such as when both have the same the accelerator in the car is released and the engine acts as a brake instead of for driving purposes. Under these conditions the member I28 will tend to shift suddenly to the left, as shown in Fig. 4, with considerable force due to the action of the spring I32. However, the bell-shaped member I86 forms an air dashpot with the outer surface of the member I 28 and tends to dampen this motion. Member I64 supports rods I58 and I82 against torsional misalignment, and is bushed to permit axial sliding of rods I82. Rods I58 are fixed against sliding motion as shown in Figure 4. Element I54 is free to rotate on shaft 42, and supports the ends of shafts I58, the opposite ends of I58 being fixed to flange I52 'as shown in Figure 4. The shafts I82 are mounted as shown in Figure 6, fixed at the right to flange I50, and to the intermediary flanges I50, and at the left in flange I50 and member I attached to body I10.

The element I10 supports pins I14 with their rollers I16. Slotted cam member I66 is pinned at I68 to shaft 42, and constitutes the sole tortional connection between the shaft and the driving assembly of parts. Load torque is felt at the contacts of rollers I16 and cam slots I18, causing the movable flanges I50 to tend to shift toward the left of Figures 4 or 6, expanding the belts 86 to larger diameters.

As before mentioned, it should be here noted that all of these different control devices, i. e., the speed governor, the two helical springs and the two torque-conscious cam devices, all tend to force the movable toward the non-movable sides to give the largest effective pulley diameter. This particular feature is designed so that the pulley belts may always be kept taut and so that they may not come loose and be broken. The operation of the device is as follows:

With the apparatus in the position as shown in Fig. 4, the pulleys on the upper shaft I2 are expanded to give their smallest belt diameter and in this position the transmission will transmit the greatest value of torque and consequently the lowest speed. As the shaft I2 revolves the cam members in the torque-conscious device I28 on the drive shaft I2 are forced to the right which causes the member I28 to move axially to the rear but does not compress springs I32 until sufficient pressure is produced by the torque loading action to overcome the preloaded pressure of the springs. This torque-generated pressure in turn forces the stub members I34 to the right which results in a movement of plate 96 to the right and through force transmitted by the rods I04 to spacer I00 forces the movable sides 84 toward the non-movable sides 82 which forces the belts 86 outwardly in the upper set of pulleys to increase the speed ratio. This, of course, occurs only under normal conditions in load, such as in a car running with reserve engine power on the highway. At the same time the springs I26 tend to assist in the upshift action and as the engine speed increases the governor rollers I22 tend also to assist in the same upshift action, so that under normal increased acceleration conditions the belt is forced outwardly in the upper set of pulleys. This tends to overcome the spring I84 in the lower set of pulleys and expand the same, since the belts being all of unitary circumference immediately diminish in diameter on the pulleys I50I52, when their force available exceeds that of spring I84. If the load on the car is only normal, the belts will eventually under increased throttle, or under down gradient conditions reach their outmost position on the upper set of pulleys and likewise as explained above, reach their innermost position on the lower set of pulleys since the ratio shift control factors derived from the power and speed of the upper shaft I2 will overcome the expansive forces on the lower spring I84 and in this particular apparatus the vehicle will be driven in overdrive ratio, or a ratio of about 1.5. If, however, the load upon the vehicle increases and the shaft 42 tends to drag or lag behind the member I10 and connected parts by angular increments, the rollers I18 will move over the cam surfaces I18a of .slot I18 to force the movable sides I50 toward the non-movable sides I52 and increase the diameter on the lower set of pulleys. As before mentioned, this cam I18 has sufficient mechanical advantage to dominate the above mentioned ratio control factors on the upper shaft because the preloaded springs I32 yield and permit the driver pulleys 82-84 to expand under action of the belts 86 and the speed ratio will be decreased to take care of this additional load torque.

It might also be mentioned that this transmission has been designed to eliminate the use of a servo vacuum control which has heretofore been utilized in similar transmission so that this transmission might be used with a two-cycle engine. The particular advantages of this transmission are, first, that it provides a low ratio for starting or low speeds due to the fact that the spring I84 is strong enough to dominate the other forces at rest or slow speeds and forces the transmission into the position shown in the drawings. Second, in the use of higher ratios for light loads and low speeds, the governor and driver cam, i. e., the cam I2I acted on by rollers I39 spindled to the member I28, are effective to increase the input drive pulley sizes and thus increase the speed ratio. This is due to the fact that the cam 94 has a lead or helical angle less than the driven cam I18 so that it tends to compress the driver pulleys 8284 and overcomes the force of the driven cam I18 and the driven shaft spring I84. The governor I22 aids in this action but has a small force at low engine speeds. It should be noted in this arrangement that there is a ratio shift tendency toward overdrive at light loads with low speeds when driving ordinary load torque requirements.

Third, in providing overdrive at high vehicle 'and engine speeds the transmission is designed so that the governor I22 will exert a sufficient force to dominate all other forces acting on the pulley sides and to hold the transmission in high ratios during the maintenance of these conditions.

Fourth, in order to provide low ratios for heavier loads such as for acceleration or hill climbing, this particular function is provided by the particular construction and application of the preloaded spring I32 in the cam operated member I28. As before mentioned, this spring I32 is preloaded and in this particular example to about 200 pounds pressure and is held against complete expansion by the nut I42 on the end of the bolt portion I40. When enough torque is applied so that the separation action of the belts 86 on the driver pulleys 8284 has considerable force clue to the cam action of the driven shaft cam I66 having surfaces I18 and also thru the force of the dominating spring I84, then the springs I32 tend to compress and yield permitting the driver pulleys 8284 to open and the driven pulleys I50-452 to compress'due to the cam 75 from high ratio to low and from low to high when a heavy load is suddenly applied is obtained by predetermining the initial preloading of the spring I32 so that it may compress readily with the application of heavy loads. Of course it is obvious that this preloading may be set at any desired point as described preceding.

Sixth, in order to provide light torque at low speeds and low ratio as would be the case where the operator might be parking the automobile, the following will apply. The transmission controls will fulfill this requirement due to the fact that under these conditions there is a substantial balance of forces between the action of spring I84 and the driven cam I18 on the one hand and the action of the cam Ill, speed governor I22 and spring I28 on the other hand. The nearer the torque requirements balance the difference between these two sets of forces the smaller will be the incremental forces present acting to change the ratio. These transmission controls are also capable of holding nearly constant ratio on deceleration. This is primarily intended to eliminate a lack of engine braking when the throttle is closed. The reverse cam surface |18b is designed to meet this requirement since it may have leads which tend to produce underdrive'on reverse torque and with no other large forces available the ratio would tend to be controlled by these cams on both driving and driven sides. These cams may however be designed to hold the ratio fixed on reverse torque or to permit a scalar differentiation between the driving torque and overtaking torque effects on ratio,. to meet special requirements. However, if the throttle is closed rapidly as when ones foot is suddenly taken from the same to apply to the brake, there is a tendency for a reverse torque to be applied by the engine and by the load and thus change the transmission sharply toward underdrive which would increase the engine braking.

Seventh, in order to permit the use of a 1 to 1 ratio or overdrive for towing to start theengine,

the car is put in gear with the clutch l disengaged and when a speed of 12 to 15 miles per ample, for purposes of braking on down hill runs the car may be slowed down below 10 miles per hour with disengaged clutch and then the latter be engaged and the transmission will then have a low ratio which will tend to prevent excessive speed in the car in traveling down hill.

From this latter discussion it may be seen that the transmission can be practically placed in any desired ratio for braking or towing purposes, this ratio being dependent ,upon the speed at which the main clutch is engaged. If it is found necessary to reduce the ratio for starting purposes when the car has been stopped or in overdrive position, the gear box is thrown into neutral position by movement of the lever 68 and the engine clutch is then engaged to rotate the pulleys which will tend to bringthe ratio of the transmission to low. The gear box is then engaged and the car starts from its low ratio position. It will be evident from the foregoing that my transmission has many inherent, useful characteristics which are not found in other types and also that it is entirely self-contained and is controlled by no other portion of the apparatus such as servo vacuum or electro-magnetic forces, being inherently controlled by automatic means responsive to the input and output torques and to input speed.

I claim:

1. In an automatic transmission, a drive shaft, 10

a driven shaft, a gear unit connected to said shaft, a plurality of pulleys on each shaft each pulley-having an axially movable'and non-movable side, flexible belts entrained between pulley sides on the two shafts and a plurality of means 5 on each shaft operating under and by variable conditions of speed and torque to urge the movable pulley sides toward the non-movable to give the greatest effective diameter said sear unit driven by said driven shaft providing "separate 20 step-ratio speed ranges established by said means.

2. In an automatic transmission having expansible pulleys on parallel shafts with transmission belts running between them, a step- 25 ratio gear unit driven by one of said shafts, a plurality of torque and speed conscious means on the shafts all of which tend to move the sides to the expansible pulleys together upon their normal operation and a control for said unit 30 mission connected to the clutch output and av gear box connected to thetransmission output including a secondary direct drive disconnecting clutch wherebythe saidsecondary clutch may be utilized to disconnect the output to the ultimate '40 consuming means and the source of power may be likewise disconnected or connected to drive the transmission to change the ratio therein for permitting the operator to predetermine the existing ratio at which said clutch is engaged.

4. In an automatic transmission, a drive shaft, a driven shaft, a plurality ofpulleys' on each shaft, belts entrained on each pair of pulleys, a

movable and a non-movable side on each pulley primary clutch, an automatically variable transthe movable sides on each shaft being secured together to operate as a unit, resilient and torque-conscious means on the driven shaft tending ,to force the movable toward the non-, movable sides and resilient torque-conscious means 'coacting with speed-conscious means on the drive shaft which also tend to force the pulley sides together in normal operation whereby the driving speed ratios are constantly selected according to the combined effects of output torque, input torque and input speed.

5'.'In a transmission having a plurality of expansible pulleys on parallel shafts with belts entrained therein connected to a step-ratio drive unit, resilient means subject to thetorques of each shaft tendingto force the pulley sides togather to give-the largest effective diameter, one of the resilient torque-responsive means dominating the other and control means for said unit'whereby the speed ratio changing effect of said means is made operative over separate speed ratio ranges.

6. In a transmission, a drive shaft, a driven shaft, a plurality of .pulleys having a stationary and axially movable side oneach shaft, belts for connecting the pulleys together, means connecting the movable pulley sides together on each shaft to move as a unit, torque operated cam means on both the drive and driven shaft tending to force the pulley sides together, thetorque operated means on the drive shaft being resiliently preloaded the one on the driven shaft dominating under certain conditions and a speed responsive device rotating at the' speed of said drive shaft operative to modify the speed ratio setting determined by said torque operated means at speeds above a given minimum.

7. In an energy transmitting device, a plurality of parallel shafts, a step-ratio geared unit driven by one of the shafts, a plurality of expansible and contractible pulleys on each shaft, belts entrained over opposite pairs of pulleys to transmit power, a plurality of means on both shafts tending to contract the pulleys to give the largest effective diameter, said means including two cam operated means, two resilient means and a speed responsive means and a selective manual control for said unit operative to establish two separate speed ratio ranges in the drive determined by said pulleys.

8. In an energy transmitting device, a plurality of parallel shafts, a plurality of expansible and contractible pulleys on each shaft, flexible means extending between the pulleys to transmit energy between the shafts, torque-consciousv means on each shaft responsive to input and output torque respectively to effect expansion and contraction of said pulleys, said means each including a cam the lead of the cam on the-drive shaft being greater than that on the driven shaft.

9. In an energy transmitting device, a plurality of parallel shafts, a plurality of expansible and contractible pulleys on each shaft, flexible means extending between the pulleys to transmit energy between the shafts, torque-conscious means on each shaftresponsive to input and output torque respectively to effect expansion and contraction of said pulleys, said means each including a cam the lead of the cam on the drive shaft being greater than that on the driven shaft, one of said torque-conscious means being initially and resiliently preloaded.

10. In an automatic transmission, two parallel shafts, .expansible and contractible pulleys on each shaft one of said shafts being connected to a load, flexible driving means extending between each pair of pulleys, a preloaded torqueconscious means on the drive shaft measuring input torque tending to contract the pulleys on that shaft and torque-conscious means onthe driven shaft measuring output torque capable of dominating the first torque-conscious means under heavy load conditions and further speed ratio changing means manually operable to diminish the effect of said torque-conscious means on the driven shaft, by modification of torque multiplication between said. driven shaft and the said load.

11. In an automatic transmission, a drive shaft, a plurality of expansible and contractible pulleys thereon, cam surfaces secured to the shaft, relatively movable means mounted adjatively movable means to prevent a sudden movement in one direction and automatic control means responsive to output torque effective to overcome the cam action of said cam surfaces at extreme output torques.

12. In atransmission having a plurality of movable pulley sides on a shaft, axially movable means on the shaft, cams carried thereby to cooperate with the cam surfaces, a. circular plate movable on the shaft, a plurality of circumferentially spaced relatively movable preloaded members on the axially movable means adapted to contact and move the plate and means to transmit this movement to the pulley sides and. means responsivetooutput torque of said transmission operative toovercome the action of said cams on said cam surfaces under predetermined output torque conditions.

13. In variable speed gearing drives, in combi nation, a power shaft and a load shaft, a continuously variable transmission unit therebetween comprising friction driving elements, means responsive to torque and speed effective to change ratio. automatically in said unit, and operator-operative means arranged to selectively disconnect said unit from both the power and load shafts, whereby compelled predetermined shifts in speed ratio may be established in said unit.

14. In variable speed controls for vehicles, in combination, a power input shaft, any output shaft connected toa load, a plurality of variable speed transmission units communicating the power of said input shaft to said load, a device responsive to input torque, a second device responsive to output torque, a third device responsive to input speed,'ratio shifting means for certain of said units, and connecting means opfrom said clutch comprising, multiple belt driving mechanism including automatic pulley diameter control devices responsive to both input speed and input and output torque, a step ratio gear unit driven by said mechanism connected to a load, and manual control means for said gear unit operative to establish selective torque multiplications between said engine and said load, whereby said first named unit changes ratio automatically for a given overall torquespeed ratio range for one setting of said means, and whereby said first named unit changes ratio automatically over a different overall torquespeed ratio for a second setting of said means.

16. In a motor vehicle, in combination, an input shaft, an output shaft, a continuously variable speed transmission unit coupling said shafts, ratio shifting means operative to shift speed ratio of said unit below and above direct drive ratio, torque responsive mechanism arranged to establish low speed settings of said means at starting and over a predetermined low,;speed ratio range, and a speed responsive device adapted to oppose the action of said mechanism in increasing effect at all speeds above a given speed, whereby the combination of speedand torque forces ,tends to maintain higher speed ratios established by said means duringthe driving speed ranges of the vehicle. g 15';

LESTER E. PERRINE. 

